Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwe-SMT patch kunye ne-THT ngomngxuma iplagi-in PCBA inkqubo yokwaleka ipeyinti ezintathu anti kunye neetekhnoloji eziphambili!
Njengoko ubukhulu bezinto zePCBA buba buncinci kwaye buncinci, ukuxinana kuya kuba phezulu nangaphezulu; Ubude obuxhasayo phakathi kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo (isithuba phakathi kwePCB kunye nococeko lomhlaba) nalo liya lisiba lincinci kwaye lincinci, kunye nefuthe lemiba yokusingqongileyo kwi-PCBA nayo iyanda. Ke ngoko, sibeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu kukuthembeka kwePCBA yeemveliso zombane.
1.Iimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye neempembelelo zazo
Izinto eziqhelekileyo zokusingqongileyo ezifana nokufuma, uthuli, isitshizi setyuwa, ukungunda, njl., Zinokubangela iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zokusilela kwePCBA.
Ukufuma
Phantse onke amacandelo e-PCB ye-elektroniki kwindawo yangaphandle asemngciphekweni wokubola, phakathi kwawo amanzi yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokubola. Iimolekyuli zamanzi zincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba zingene kwi-mesh ye-molecular gap yezinye izinto ze-polymer kwaye zingene ngaphakathi okanye zifikelele kwintsimbi engaphantsi ngomngxuma wokugquma ukuze kubangele ukubola. Xa iatmosfera ifikelela kubumanzi obuthile, inokubangela iPCB electrochemical imfuduko, ukuvuza kwangoku kunye nokugqwetheka komqondiso kwisekethe ephezulu.
Umphunga/ukufuma + izingcolisi ze-ionic (ityuwa, i-flux esebenzayo) = i-electrolyte eqhubayo + i-voltage yoxinzelelo = imfuduko ye-electrochemical
Xa i-RH emoyeni ifikelela kwi-80%, kuya kubakho ifilimu yamanzi enobunzima be-5 ~ 20 iamolekyu, kwaye zonke iintlobo zeeamolekyu zinokuhamba ngokukhululekile. Xa ikhabhoni ikhona, ukusabela kwe-electrochemical kunokwenzeka.
Xa i-RH ifikelela kwi-60%, i-surface layer yesixhobo iya kwenza i-2 ~ 4 i-molecule yamanzi ifilimu yamanzi angqingqwa, xa kukho ukungcola okuchithwa kuyo, kuya kubakho ukuphendulwa kweekhemikhali;
Xa i-RH <20% kwi-atmosfera, phantse yonke i-corrosion phenomena iyayeka.
Ngoko ke, ubungqina bomswakama buyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokukhusela imveliso.
Kwizixhobo zombane, ukufuma kuza ngeendlela ezintathu: imvula, ukujiya kunye nomphunga wamanzi. Amanzi yi-electrolyte enyibilikisa izixa ezikhulu zeeyoni ezidlayo ezidla iintsimbi. Xa ubushushu bendawo ethile yesixhobo bungaphantsi "kwendawo yombethe" (ubushushu), kuya kubakho ukuxinanisa kumphezulu: iindawo zesakhiwo okanye i-PCBA.
Uthuli
Kukho uthuli kwi-atmosfera, izingcolisi ze-ion ze-adsorbed zihlala ngaphakathi kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki kwaye zibangele ukusilela. Le yingxaki eqhelekileyo ngokusilela kombane kwibala.
Uthuli lwahlulwe lwaba ziindidi ezimbini: uthuli olunqabileyo luyi-diameter ye-2.5 ~ 15 microns yeengqungquthela ezingaqhelekanga, ngokuqhelekileyo aziyi kubangela iphoso, i-arc kunye nezinye iingxaki, kodwa zichaphazela umnxibelelwano wokudibanisa; Uthuli olucokisekileyo ngamasuntswana angaqhelekanga kunye nobubanzi obungaphantsi kwe-2.5 microns. Uthuli olucolekileyo lunamatheliso athile kwi-PCBA (i-veneer), enokususwa kuphela nge-brush anti-static.
Iingozi zothuli: a. Ngenxa yokuhlalisa uthuli kumphezulu we-PCBA, i-electrochemical corrosion yenziwa, kwaye izinga lokungaphumeleli liyenyuka; b. Uthuli + ubushushu obufumileyo + inkungu yetyuwa yabangela owona monakalo mkhulu kwi-PCBA, kunye nokusilela kwezixhobo zombane yeyona nto iphambili kushishino lweekhemikhali kunye nommandla wemigodi kufuphi nonxweme, intlango (umhlaba wetyuwa-alkali) nakumazantsi eHuaihe River ngexesha lokungunda kunye ixesha lemvula.
Ngoko ke, ukukhuselwa kothuli yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso.
Isitshizi setyuwa
Ukwenziwa kwesitshizi setyuwa:Ukutshiza ngetyuwa kubangelwa yimiba yendalo efana namaza olwandle, amaza, ukujikeleza kwe-atmospheric (monsoon) uxinzelelo, ukukhanya kwelanga njalo njalo. Iya kukhukuliseka phakathi emhlabeni nomoya, kwaye ukugxila kwayo kuya kuncipha kunye nomgama ukusuka elunxwemeni. Ngesiqhelo, ingxubevange yesitshizi setyuwa yi-1% yonxweme xa iyi-1Km ukusuka elunxwemeni (kodwa iya kuphephezela kude kwixesha lesaqhwithi).
Ubungozi besitshizi setyuwa:a. yonakalisa ukugquma kweengxenye zesakhiwo sesinyithi; b. Ukukhawuleza kwesantya se-electrochemical corrosion kukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kweengcingo zetsimbi kunye nokungaphumeleli kwamacandelo.
Imithombo efanayo yokubola:a. Ukubila kwesandla kuqulethe ityuwa, i-urea, i-lactic acid kunye nezinye iikhemikhali, ezinempembelelo eyingozi efanayo kwisixhobo sombane njengesitshizi setyuwa. Ngoko ke, iiglavu kufuneka zigqitywe ngexesha lendibano okanye ukusetyenziswa, kwaye ukugquma akufanele kuchukunyiswe ngezandla; b. Kukho i-halogens kunye ne-acids kwi-flux, ekufuneka icocwe kwaye i-concentration yabo eseleyo ilawulwe.
Ngoko ke, ukuthintela ukutshizwa kwetyuwa kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko lweemveliso.
Ngundo
Ukungunda, igama eliqhelekileyo le-filamentous fungi, lithetha "ukungunda okungundayo," ithanda ukwenza i-mycelium enqabileyo, kodwa ayivelisi imizimba emikhulu evelisa iziqhamo njengamakhowa. Kwiindawo ezifumileyo nezifudumeleyo, izinto ezininzi zikhula kwiliso leze ezinye zeekoloni ezifuze, ezingqukuva okanye ezimilise okwentambo yentambo, oko kungundo.
IKHIWANE. 5: PCB ukungunda kwenzeka
Ubungozi bokungunda: a. i-mold phagocytosis kunye nokusabalalisa kwenza ukugquma kwezinto eziphilayo kuyancipha, umonakalo kunye nokungaphumeleli; b. I-metabolites ye-mold i-acids ye-organic, echaphazela ukugquma kunye namandla ombane kwaye ivelise i-arc yombane.
Ngoko ke, i-anti-mold iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeemveliso zokukhusela.
Ukuqwalasela le miba ingentla, ukuthembeka kwemveliso kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngcono, kufuneka kube yodwa kwindawo yangaphandle ephantsi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngoko ke inkqubo yokumbathisa imilo iyaziswa.
I-PCB yokwambathisa emva kwenkqubo yokugquma, phantsi kwesiphumo sokudubula kwesibane esimfusa, isambatho sokuqala sinokuba sihle kakhulu!
Iingubo ezintathu zokulwa nepeyintiibhekisa ekugqumeni umaleko obhityileyo okhuselayo kumphezulu wePCB. Yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokwaleka emva kwewelding okwangoku, ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi-surface coating kunye ne-conformal coating (igama lesiNgesi: i-coating, i-conformal coating). Iya kwahlula amacandelo abuthathaka e-elektroniki kwindawo erhabaxa, inokuphucula kakhulu ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kweemveliso zombane kwaye yandise ubomi benkonzo yeemveliso. Iingubo ezintathu ezichasayo zepeyinti zingakhusela isiphaluka / amacandelo kwizinto ezisingqongileyo ezifana nokufuma, ukungcola, ukubola, uxinzelelo, ukutshatyalaliswa, ukungcangcazela komatshini kunye nomjikelezo we-thermal, ngelixa uphucula amandla omatshini kunye neempawu ze-insulation zemveliso.
Emva kwenkqubo yokugquma kwe-PCB, yenza ifilimu ekhuselayo ecacileyo phezu komhlaba, inokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukungena kwamanzi kunye nokufuma, ukuphepha ukuvuza kunye nokujikeleza okufutshane.
2. Amanqaku aphambili enkqubo yokwaleka
Ngokweemfuno ze-IPC-A-610E(uMgangatho woVavanyo lweNdibano yeKhompyutha), ibonakaliswa ikakhulu kule miba ilandelayo:
Ummandla
1. Iindawo ezingenakugqunywa:
Iindawo ezifuna uqhagamshelo lombane, njengeepadi zegolide, iminwe yegolide, intsimbi ephuma emingxunyeni, imingxuma yokuvavanya;
Iibhetri kunye nezilungisi zebhetri;
Isidibanisi;
i-fuse kunye ne-casing;
Isixhobo sokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu;
Ucingo lokutsiba;
Ilensi yesixhobo sokubona;
Isixhobo sokulinganisa amandla;
Uluvo
Akukho switshi itywiniweyo;
Ezinye iindawo apho ukutyabeka kunokuchaphazela ukusebenza okanye ukusebenza.
2. Iindawo ekufuneka zigqunywe: onke amajoyinti e-solder, izikhonkwane, amacandelo kunye nee-conductor.
3. Iindawo ozikhethayo
Ukutyeba
Ukutyeba kulinganiswa kwindawo ethe tyaba, engathintelekiyo, enyangekileyo yecandelo lesekethe eprintiweyo okanye kwipleyiti eqhotyoshelweyo ehamba kwinkqubo kunye necandelo. Iibhodi eziqhotyoshelweyo zinokuba yinto efanayo kunye neebhodi eziprintiweyo okanye ezinye izinto ezingenayo i-porous, njengentsimbi okanye iglasi. Umlinganiselo wobungqingqwa befilimu emanzi isenokusetyenziswa njengendlela ekhethwayo yokulinganisa ubukhulu bebhanyabhanya, ukuba nje kukho ubudlelwane obubhaliweyo benguquko phakathi kobunzima befilimu emanzi kunye neyomileyo.
Itheyibhile 1: Umgangatho woluhlu lokutyeba kuhlobo ngalunye lwezinto zokwaleka
Indlela yokuvavanya ubukhulu:
1. Isixhobo sokulinganisa ubukhulu befilimu eyomileyo: i-micrometer (IPC-CC-830B); b Umvavanyi wokuqina kwefilimu eyomileyo (isiseko sentsimbi)
Umzobo 9. Isixhobo sefilimu esomileyo seMicrometer
2. Umlinganiselo wobukhulu befilimu emanzi: ubukhulu befilimu emanzi inokufunyanwa ngesixhobo sokulinganisa ubukhulu befilimu emanzi, emva koko ibalwe ngokomlinganiselo weglu eqinileyo.
Ukutyeba kwefilimu eyomileyo
Kwi-FIG. I-10, ubukhulu befilimu emanzi bufunyenwe ngumvavanyi wefilimu emanzi, emva koko ubukhulu befilimu eyomileyo bubalwe.
Isisombululo somda
Ingcaciso: Ngaphantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, i-valve yokutshiza i-spray ephuma kumda womgca ayiyi kuba ngqo, kuya kuhlala kukho i-burr ethile. Sichaza ububanzi be-burr njengesisombululo somphetho. Njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi, ubungakanani be-d lixabiso lesisombululo somphetho.
Qaphela: Isisombululo somphetho ngokuqinisekileyo sincinci ngakumbi, kodwa iimfuno zabathengi ezahlukeneyo azifani, ngoko ke isisombululo somphetho esigqunyiweyo ukuba sifezekise iimfuno zabathengi.
Umzobo 11: Ukuthelekiswa kwesisombululo somda
Ukufana
I-Glue kufuneka ifane nobukhulu obufanayo kunye nefilimu egudileyo kwaye ecacileyo ehlanganiswe kwimveliso, ugxininiso lufana nokufana kweglue ehlanganiswe kwimveliso engaphezulu kwendawo, ngoko ke, kufuneka ibe nobunzima obufanayo, akukho ngxaki yenkqubo: ukuqhekeka, i-stratification, imigca e-orenji, ungcoliseko, i-capillary phenomenon, amaqamza.
Umzobo 12: Uthotho lweAxial oluzenzekelayo lwe-AC oluzenzekelayo lusebenzisa umatshini wokugquma, ukufana kuyahambelana kakhulu
3. Ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yokwaleka
Inkqubo yokwaleka
1 Lungiselela
Lungisa iimveliso kunye neglu kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko;
Ukumisela indawo yokhuseleko lwendawo;
Qinisekisa iinkcukacha eziphambili zenkqubo
2: Hlamba
Kufuneka ihlanjululwe ngexesha elifutshane emva kwe-welding, ukukhusela ukungcola kwe-welding kunzima ukuyicoca;
Qinisekisa ukuba ungcoliseko oluphambili luyi-polar, okanye i-non-polar, ukuze ukhethe i-arhente yokucoca efanelekileyo;
Ukuba i-ejenti yokucoca utywala isetyenzisiweyo, imiba yokhuseleko kufuneka ihlawulwe ingqalelo: kufuneka kubekho umoya omhle kunye nokupholisa kunye nemithetho yenkqubo yokomisa emva kokuhlamba, ukukhusela i-volatilization ye-solvent eseleyo ebangelwa ukuqhuma kwi-oven;
Ukucocwa kwamanzi, kunye ne-alkaline yokucoca ulwelo (emulsion) ukuhlamba i-flux, uze uhlambulule ngamanzi acocekileyo ukucoca ulwelo lokucoca, ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokucoca;
3. Ukukhuselwa kwe-Masking (ukuba akukho zixhobo zokugquma ezikhethiweyo zisetyenzisiweyo), oko kukuthi, imaski;
Kufuneka ukhethe ifilimu engabambekiyo ayiyi kudlulisa i-tape yephepha;
Iteyiphu yephepha le-Anti-static kufuneka isetyenziswe kukhuseleko lwe-IC;
Ngokweemfuno zemizobo yezinye izixhobo zokukhusela ikhuselo;
4. Susa umswakama
Emva kokucoca, i-PCBA ekhuselekileyo (icandelo) kufuneka yomiswe kwangaphambili kwaye ihlanjululwe ngaphambi kokugubungela;
Qinisekisa ubushushu / ixesha lokumisa kwangaphambili ngokweqondo lokushisa elivunyelwe yi-PCBA (icandelo);
I-PCBA (icandelo) inokuvunyelwa ukumisela ubushushu / ixesha letafile yokumisa kwangaphambili
5 Idyasi
Inkqubo yokugquma imilo ixhomekeke kwiimfuno zokhuselo lwe-PCBA, izixhobo zokusebenza ezikhoyo kunye nogcino lobugcisa olukhoyo, oludla ngokufezekiswa ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:
a. Brasha ngesandla
Umzobo 13: Indlela yokubrasha ngesandla
Ibrashi yokwaleka yeyona nkqubo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ilungele imveliso ibhetshi encinane, PCBA isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo kunye ezixineneyo, kufuneka ikhuselwe iimfuno zokhuseleko iimveliso ngqwabalala. Ngenxa yokuba i-brush iyakwazi ukulawulwa ngokukhululekileyo, ukwenzela ukuba iindawo ezingavumelekanga ukupenda aziyi kungcoliswa;
Ukugquma kwebrashi kudla izinto ezincinci, ezifanelekileyo kwixabiso eliphezulu lepeyinti yamacandelo amabini;
Inkqubo yokudweba ineemfuno eziphezulu kumqhubi. Phambi kokwakhiwa, imizobo kunye neemfuno zokwaleka kufuneka zigaywe ngononophelo, amagama amacandelo ePCBA kufuneka aqatshelwe, kwaye iindawo ezingavumelekanga ukuba ziqatywe kufuneka ziphawulwe ngamanqaku atsala amehlo;
Abaqhubi abavumelekanga ukuba bachukumise iplagi eprintiweyo ngezandla zabo nangaliphi na ixesha ukuphepha ukungcoliseka;
b.Dipha ngesandla
Umzobo 14: Indlela yokwaleka ediphu ngesandla
Inkqubo yokugquma idiphu ibonelela ngezona ziphumo zokwambathisa. Iyunifomu, i-coating eqhubekayo ingasetyenziswa kuyo nayiphi na indawo ye-PCBA. Inkqubo yokwambathisa idiphu ayizifanelanga iiPCbas ezineecapacitors ezilungelelanisiweyo, ukulungiswa kakuhle kwee-magnetic cores, ii-potentiometers, ii-cores magnetic ezimile okwekomityi kunye nezinye iindawo ezinokutywinwa kakubi.
Iiparamitha eziphambili zenkqubo yokwambathisa idiphu:
Lungisa i-viscosity efanelekileyo;
Lawula isantya apho iPCBA iphakanyiselwe khona ukuthintela amaqamza ukuba enze. Ngokuqhelekileyo akukho ngaphezu kwemitha eyi-1 ngesekhondi;
c. Ukutshiza
Ukutshiza yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu, kulula ukwamkela indlela yenkqubo, yahlulwe ngokwamacandelo amabini alandelayo:
① Ukutshiza ngesandla
Umfanekiso we-15: Indlela yokutshiza ngesandla
Ifanelekile i-workpiece inzima kakhulu, kunzima ukuthembela kwi-automation ye-automation imeko yokuvelisa ubunzima, nayo ifanelekile kuluhlu lwemveliso yomgca kodwa imeko engaphantsi, inokutshizwa kwindawo ekhethekileyo.
Qaphela ukutshiza ngesandla: inkungu yepeyinti iya kungcolisa ezinye izixhobo, ezifana ne-PCB plug-in, i-socket ye-IC, abanye abafowunelwa abanobucayi kunye nezinye iindawo zokumisa, ezi nxalenye kufuneka zinike ingqalelo ekuthembekeni kokhuselo. Enye ingongoma kukuba umqhubi akufanele achukumise iplagi eprintiweyo ngesandla sakhe nangaliphi na ixesha ukuthintela ukungcoliseka kwendawo yoqhagamshelwano lweplagi.
② Ukutshiza ngokuzenzekelayo
Ngokuqhelekileyo ibhekisela ekutshizeni okuzenzekelayo kunye nezixhobo zokugquma ezikhethiweyo. Ifanele imveliso yobuninzi, ukuhambelana kakuhle, ukuchaneka okuphezulu, ukungcoliseka okuncinci kokusingqongileyo. Ngokuphuculwa kweshishini, ukunyuka kweendleko zabasebenzi kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, izixhobo zokutshiza ngokuzenzekelayo zithatha indawo yezinye iindlela zokugquma.
Ngokunyuka kweemfuno ze-automation ye-industry 4.0, ugxininiso loshishino lutshintshile ekuboneleleni ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokugquma ukusombulula ingxaki yenkqubo yonke yokwaleka. Umatshini wokugquma okhethiweyo ngokuzenzekelayo - ukugqoka ngokuchanekileyo kwaye akukho nkunkuma yezinto eziphathekayo, ezifanelekileyo ubuninzi bezinto zokugquma, ezilungele kakhulu ubuninzi bezinto ezintathu ezichasene nepeyinti.
Ukuthelekisaumatshini wokugquma ozenzekelayokwayeinkqubo yokwaleka yemveli
I-PCBA yesiNtu yokwaleka ipeyinti yobungqina obuthathu:
1) Ukugquma kwebrashi: kukho amaqamza, amaza, ukususwa kweenwele zebrashi;
2) Ukubhala: ukucotha kakhulu, ukuchaneka akunakulawulwa;
3) Ukucwina yonke into: ipeyinti emosha kakhulu, isantya esicothayo;
4) Tshaza umpu wokutshiza: ukukhuselwa kwendawo, ukukhukuliseka kakhulu
Ukugquma koomatshini bokugquma:
1) Ubungakanani bepeyinti yokutshiza, indawo yokupenda yokutshiza kunye nommandla ubekwe ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye akukho mfuneko yokongeza abantu ukuba basule ibhodi emva kokupeyinta.
2) Amanye amacandelo eplagi anesithuba esikhulu ukusuka kumda weplate angapeyintwa ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokufaka i-fixture, ukugcina abasebenzi bofakelo lweplate.
3) Akukho ukuguquguquka kwegesi, ukuqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza ecocekileyo.
4) Yonke i-substrate ayifuni ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokugubungela ifilimu yekhabhoni, ukuphelisa ukungqubuzana.
I-5) Iyunifomu yokuqina kwepeyinti emithathu echasene nepeyinti, iphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso, kodwa kwakhona unqande inkunkuma yepeyinti.
PCBA oluzenzekelayo ezintathu anti ipeyinti umatshini ukutyabeka, yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukutshiza izixhobo ezintathu anti ipeyinti ezikrelekrele zokutshiza. Ngenxa yokuba izinto eziza kutshizwa kunye nolwelo lokutshiza olusetyenzisiweyo lwahlukile, umatshini wokugquma ekwakhiweni kokukhethwa kwecandelo lezixhobo ukwahluka, umatshini wokuthambisa we-anti-peyinti uthatha inkqubo yolawulo lwamva nje lwekhompyuter, unokuqonda unxibelelwano lwe-axis emithathu, ngexesha elifanayo lixhotyiswe ngokubeka ikhamera kunye nenkqubo yokulandelela, inokulawula ngokuchanekileyo indawo yokutshiza.
Oomatshini abathathu bokuchasa ipeyinti, abakwabizwa ngokuba ngumatshini wokuncamathelisa ngeglu, oomatshini abathathu bokutshiza iglu, oomatshini abathathu bokutshiza i-oyile yokupeyinta, oomatshini abathathu bokutshiza bepeyinti, ngokukodwa kulawulo lwamanzi, kumphezulu wePCB. egqunywe ngomaleko anti-ipeyinti ezintathu, ezifana nokufakela, ukutshiza okanye indlela yokwaleka spin kumphezulu PCB egqunywe umaleko photoresist.
Indlela yokusombulula ixesha elitsha lemfuno yepeyinti echasene nepeyinti, iye yaba yingxaki engxamisekileyo ukuba isonjululwe kushishino. Izixhobo zokugquma ezizenzekelayo ezimelwe ngumatshini wokutyabeka ochanekileyo okhethiweyo uzisa indlela entsha yokusebenza,ukutyabeka ngokuchanekileyo kwaye akukho nkunkuma yezinto, eyona ifanelekileyo kwinani elikhulu lezinto ezintathu ezichasene nepeyinti.
